Mayan Writing :: essays research papers

Mayan writing is one of the most beautiful but highly complex and difficult scripts in the world. It is a system that uses pictographs and phonetic or syllabic elements. The Maya used this sophisticated style to carve symbols into stone. The most common place for writing was the perishable books they made from bark paper, coated with lime to make a fresh white surface. These books were screen-folded and bound with wood and deer hide. They were referred to as codices, however only four remain today because of their perishable nature and Spanish book burning. The Maya writing system was one of the greatest achievements of their civilization.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Maya writing also appears on an array of materials and in many places such as carved stone, door lintels, architectural stuccos, painted murals and carved on pottery. The Maya believed events were repeated over cycles of time, they kept detailed histories anchored in time by their calendars to predict events. By keeping records of rainy and dry seasons, the Maya could determine the best times to plant and harvest crops. They had developed these accurate calendars that could be used for prophecy. They also were able to predict planetary cycles, phases of the moon and Venus.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Maya, like all Mesoamerican people, used a vigesimal numbering system. The first nineteen numerals were similar to our English terms, with unique numerals from one through ten, and the numerals eleven through nineteen produced by combining one through nine with ten.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The symbols used by the Maya to write numbers-bars and dots- were used throughout Mesoamerica. The dot has the value of one, and the bar has the value of five. The Maya are also believed to have the first known concept of zero. This is represented by the elliptical shell.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Symbols known as glyphs were used to record non-numerical information. The Maya used logographs (shorthand symbols) for many more words than we do. Another class of glyphs stood for sounds that make up words. Mayan words are generally regular in sound structure. Most of the syllables consist of two or three sounds. There are a little over 800 known Maya glyphs. The glyphs usually contain several elements that are combined to give individual glyphs an oval appearance. The largest glyphic element is the main sign. Maya glyphs appear to me as very complicated. Although some are recognizable as pictures of natural objects, others are very unrecognizable and unclear.

Goddesses of the Middle East Essay

The mythical legends surrounding the Goddesses of the Middle East date back to around 2500 B. C and form a part of some of the earliest recorded literature about ancient civilizations. These legends centre around the Divine Entities worshipped and revered in various sub regions in what was once known as the Ancient Near East but today is known as the Middle East. Though the religious beliefs in these regions were distinctive and each Civilization followed their own Gods and Goddesses most of these divine entities reacted to human conditions and were a product of the cultures that created them. As these cultures evolved over time, so did the Gods and Goddesses who protected and created them. Some of the prominent religions and civilizations who’s Divine Entities were revered and worshipped in the region known as the Ancient Near East includes: (Gordon 1965) †¢ Assyro-Babylonian religion followed in most of Mesopotamia include Sumer, Assyria, Akkad †¢ Ancient Egyptian religion followed in Ancient Egypt †¢ Canaanite religion followed in most of the Levant region including Canaan, Ugarit, Ebla, Mitanni †¢ Hittite, and Hurrian Religions originating in Anatolia and followed by the Hittite Empire including Assuwa, Arzawa †¢ Minoan religion followed by the Minoan civilization including Cyprus and Crete among others. The goddess in early classical mythology has traditionally played the role of a creator. She is believed to have existed before everything and has been credited with creating both heaven and earth as well as giving birth to both other gods and subsequently to human beings. In nearly all early civilizations the Goddess symbolized noble and basic concepts such as birth, death, honour, and justice. She was revered for her divine beauty and also for protecting her husband and children. While the male gods were relegated the duties of guarding the underworld, it was the goddesses who were given the responsibilities of providing comfort and standing guard over the dead until they were given a funeral and send to the underworld. Most of the civilizations depicted above sprung up around great rivers in the Middle east including, the Nile, Tigris, Euphrates, and Ganges. The presence of these rivers nourished a rich agricultural landscape and provided sustenance to agricultural gave civilizations which were predominantly matriarchal societies. (Sasson 1995) These civilizations were heavily influenced by both the blessings and ravages of nature. The rivers that they depended upon for sustenance would both give them abundant crops and wreck immense havoc and destruction in the form of devastating floods. People in these civilizations believed that there was a link between their lives and the pattern of birth –maturity death and re-birth that they observed in the plants and animals around them. The religious beliefs of most of these civilizations compelled them to worship or hold sacred what they thought provided them life and sustenance and also protected them from ravages and destruction the importance of goddesses in the myths and religious beliefs of these civilizations reflected this. The myths and legendary tales of powerful beautiful goddesses who had magical powers and controlled the various forces of nature helped t the people of these ancient civilizations understand the mysteries that pervaded their existence, birth, death, seasons, floods, harvests and drought all made so much more sense when they believed that there was a Supreme or Divine Deity who controlled it all and who they could appease through worship and prayer. In most of these matriarchal societies, this supreme deity was the Great Mother Goddess, who personified all the blessings and peculiarities of Mother Earth. Though there are countless Goddesses who were revered and worshiped in the ancient civilizations of the Middle East the most popular and common ones who were personified in the role of being creators, sustainers and the universal source of nourishment include(Christ 1998) Asherah –This is one of the names of the Sacred Goddess worshiped by the ancient Semitic Civilizations. Other names of this Great Goddess include Goddess of the Tree of Life, Goddess of the Grove. Wet-nurse of the gods. among many others This Goddess worshiped widely in Canaanite religion followed in most of the Levant region was symbolized by a multi branched tree and considered the very force of life that could be found in flocks of cattle and among groves of trees. This Goddess was often worshipped before childbirth and at planting time to grant sustenance. In popular mythology Asherah sometimes appears as curly-haired Goddess riding a sacred lion often holding lilies. Ishtar: Another very famous and popular Babylonian Goddess often known as Light of the World. Righteous judge, Forgiver of Sins and the Framer of all decrees are also few of her other roles and names that she was worshipped by. This Great Goddess is often depicted in breast-offering pose and is also known as the Mother of the fruitful breast. Inanna – was a very powerful Sumerian Goddess who was believed to provide earth with its source of life-water. Often called the Source of the Earth’s life blood it was believed by the ancient civilizations that this Goddess filled the wells, rivers and springs of the land with her own blood Isis- a very popular and powerful Goddess worshipped by the Ancient Egyptians Isis is perhaps the most famous of all Ancient Middle Eastern Goddesses. Some sources claim that her name means: â€Å"She of throne,† while other sources imply that her name means: â€Å"She of flesh. † Isis’s was revered for using her powers of magic and healing to help humanity Ashnan – She was the ancient Sumerian Goddess of Grain who controlled agricultural sustenance for the civilizations that worshipped her. Belit-Ilani – Worshipped by the ancient Babylonian this Goddess was often held in esteem as the Mistress of the gods. In popular depictions she is portrayed as a woman bearing baby on her left arm and blessing a child with her left. Anath – Worshipped by Canaanites, Amorites, Syrians, Egyptians, Hebrews and the Phoenicians. This Goddess symbolized the strength of Life and was the Queen of Heaven and also the Mistress of all the Gods. Anatu – She was the Great Mesopotamian Goddess, often considered the Ruler of the Earth and Queen of the Sky. Chaabou – was held in high reverence by the Semitic religion and relegated as Earth Mother responsible for sustenance and nourishment. Achamoth – Worshipped by the Early Gnostic Christians. She was the Mother Goddess, who was responsible for giving birth and was the effective creator of the material universe, Deborah – was the Sacred Goddess worshiped frequently in the Mycenae and Anatolia regions often identified with the Tree of Life. Erua – was the Babylonian Goddess often revered as the Queen of Heaven. She was responsible for controlling the birth of all creatures big and small in her land. Gula – was another popular Babylonian Great Goddess who was also known as the Fate Goddess and the Great Doctor who was believed to cure any kind of sickness or ailment . Lahmu- a famous Goddess in Akkadian mythology, who is considered to be the mother of â€Å"Anshar and Kishar,† who are credited to have fathered the first Gods of that great ancient civilization. Persian mythology which also plays a part of ancient Middle Eastern Mythology also held the Goddess. â€Å"Rudaba† in great esteem. This Goddess gave birth to â€Å"Rostam,† the greatest hero in Persian mythology. † Derceto –was the Babylonian Sea Goddess also known as the Goddess of Justice. Kadi –was a Babylonian Goddess believed to have the body of a Serpent and the head and breasts of a Woman. Mari –was revered as the Mother Sea, who gave birth to the gods, Shebat was worshipped as the Mesopotamian Moon Goddess responsible for bringing night after day. Tirgata – was revered as Fish Goddess of Syria who controlled the sea and all life within it As these Civilization evolved so did the role of their gods and goddesses. By 2400 B. C religious and devotional practices began to change as aggressive tribes with strong beliefs in worshipping a supreme male god began to invade the matriarchal communities whose supreme diets were Goddesses . New myths developed in which these goddesses were made evil, slain or made inferior to the patriarchal god of the conquerors. The goal in creating these myths was to defame and to dethrone the goddess from her traditional role of Creator and sustainers and to give this role to a new generation of patriarchal warrior Gods who ruled the world through valour and heroic endeavour. As a direct consequence the role of the Goddess in the Patriarchal societies underwent a change from being a loving supreme deity to a vengeful, spiteful Entity who had to be either slain or made subordinate to the male gods in order to control her powers. Many Ancient Babylonian and Mesopotamian Goddesses who were once revered as the Source of Life and Sustenance was discredited slain or made subordinate to a new patriarchal male warrior God. (Christ 1998) One example of how ancient myths of Goddesses changed in patriarchal societies is the legend of the Mesopotamian divinity Tiamat. Revered by the ancient Sumero-Babylonian civilization as a Serpent Goddess of the Watery Abyss a Mother, from whose formless body the Universe was born. She was believed to nourish all life and rule the ocean. Tiamat, in her role as Mother Goddess and Mother Earth, reflected the matriarchal civilization that created her. (Christ 1998) In a patriarchal society the role of Tiamat and the legend surrounding her changes drastically. According to these new myths The Goddess once credited with the creation of the Universe is upset when her husband Appu is slain and decides to destroy what she has created. She gives birth to a race of evil monsters to help in her quest. Together the Goddess and her army of monsters wreck chaos and havoc on all around them. There is no one who can stop Tiamat until Marduk accepts the challenge. In violent battle, Marduk manages to wedge open the mouth of the serpent goddess and fill it with winds of a horrible storm. While the serpent goddess is distracted he slains her by cutting her womb. After killing the Goddess the patriarch warrior feels glorified. He then desecrates the womb that previous mythologies and civilizations revered as the Source of All Life. The myth ends by establishing that the supreme deity is now male and that he and his cohorts of warrior Gods will now be responsible for protecting the civilization. In a patriarchal society the role of the God is relegated from giving birth and nurturing traditionally seen as motherly tasks to being the protector traditionally seen as fatherly tasks The roles of the goddesses in these societies were reduced to subservient status In the new patriarchal civilization, the myths regarding the Goddesses were recreated and often retold till they achieved credibility and became part of a new folklore designed to promote the religion of the new civilization. In this fashion countless legendary myths depicting the creative, nurturing and forgiving nature of the female goddesses were desecrated and in their place grew new myths propounding their evil deeds. In many of these myths the goddess is first discredited and then engaged in battle with the patriarch God. At the end the Patriarch God achieves victory over the Goddess and she is either slain or looses her powers. Another myth which was refashioned along these lines was that of Hathor an Ancient Egyptian Goddess. Hathor, in Ancient Egyptian mythology was revered as the goddess responsible for evoking emotions such as joy, love, dance and song. (Christ 1998) She is fabled to have provided her own nurturing milk to the living and also carried the dead to the underworld. But somewhere in mythology the Hathor who is revered for her very instincts of Love and joy is also painted as a demon that wrecks death and destruction on Humanity. Acting on the directives of the sun god, Ra, who was under the impression that some of his subjects were planning to Kill him Hathor was sent on a mission to destroy the plotters Hathor who also manifested herself in the guise of a lioness known as Sekhmet, attacked all the plotters killing them instantly. Ra was forced to intervene to stop the bloodshed by tricking Sekhmet into believing that she had killed a lot of people so by pouring a massive amount of pomegranate coloured liquid over the battlefield . Sekhmet mistook the liquid for blood stopped the slaughter and transformed back into her goddess form of Hathor. It is ironic in the least to observe that in cultures where the feminine spirit has always been seen as nurturing, loving and creative the role of goddesses of mythology is associated with evil deeds. Perhaps these mythologies have been restructured to assimilate in Patriarchal Societies where the god is associated with social order and discipline. But regardless of their role in mythology many famous Goddesses of the Middle East continue to live in popular imaginations even though the religions and cults associated with them have now been banished. Though the Middle East is now home to new religions such as Christianity Judaism and Islam and the age of idol worship and plural Gods is over, these deities have become part of the common folklore. The Worship of these Goddesses may now be defunct but their legend lives on and continues to pervade subsequent cultural practices in these regions. Works Cited Gordon, Cyrus. The Ancient Near East, 3rd Edition, Revised. W. W. Norton and Company, Inc. , New York, 1965. Christ Carol: Rebirth of the Goddess: Finding Meaning in Feminist Spirituality Routledge; 1st edition 1998 James. E. O. The Ancient Gods: The History and Diffusion of Religion in the Ancient Near East and the Eastern Mediterranean, 1960. Sasson Jack: Civilizations of the Ancient Near East. Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1995. Morton Smith, The Common Theology of the Ancient near East, Journal of Biblical Literature 1952.

Love Is Sacrifice Essay

I remaining work up today realizing fitting how lucky I am to be on the track towards a successful venerationer. And on top of that, the fact that I in reality enjoy my job makes it even offend Its definitely been a tenacious passageway.I think about how I had to deal with rude and ignorant customers as a convenient store destroy during junior high, the strenuous labor work a retentiveside my pose at the dry out cleaners in high school, and thence fin exclusivelyy those dreaded double shifts wait tables for three courses during college. And yet I count on at what I name today and realize that I catchnt obtained these things for myself. All of it has been provided by the detention of the good Lord, and the reach of my parents. Its rattling amazing what a parents love for his/her child can accomplish. How more they are unstrained to sacrifice for the interestingness of their children. I must say without a doubt that is one of the most strategic slightons my pa rents agree taught me. Love is sacrifice.My parents immigrated to the U.S. in 1979. My puzzle came to this country first in January of that year, along with her parents and her siblings. She left behind her husband and her cardinal daughters in search of a egest way deportment for all of us. Being aside from your child even for a morsel is the unstatedest thing to do as a mystify. Not a day went by during our separation that she didnt think of us, did not long to hire us in her arms and to sing us to calmness with sweet lullabies. She fought back tears and endured heartbreak every day, but she knew that in the long run, this would all be worth it.My pascal tells me that during this conviction while I was in Korea under his sole care, I would look up at all the airplanes that flew by and cry out, Um-ma, Um-ma ( bring forth in Korean). My beginner would reorganize his head and tell me that it wasnt my go and I would burst into tears. My catch and my aunts (his siste rs) t over-the-hill me they had neer beholdn an infant cry as untold as I did during the time my mother was gone.Finally, almost a year after in December of 1979, we were reunited with my mother at the Chicago OHare planetary Airport. My father likes to tell me how our reunion was delayed, because I had to use the bathroom and couldnt hold it in. So the flight was delayed twenty minutes for its departure to the good old USA because of little moi and her weak vesica (oops).When I finally byword my mother, I immediately ran into her arms. I must eat been the happiest little girl in the earth at that very moment. But my sister (who was not even one at the time my mother left) didnt admit her and clung to my father refusing to go into my mothers arms. I cant hypothesise the heartache my mother must have felt when her take in child didnt recognize her. Even as my mother retold the story to us, she choked with emotion recalling the hallucination she sensed at that moment. Wha t a sacrifice she made. But a child never forgets the womb from which she was conceived and in no time at all, my sister was Moms little baby girl again. My mother is my role vex of strength and courage.My parents had comprehend such wonderful stories about life in America. But life wasnt wonderful in the beginning. My grandparents, two uncles, my aunt, and my parents all lived together in a small(a) apartment in Maryland. They could hardly declare the native language. They had no money to their name. They were starting off from scratch. They began as cashiers at local anesthetic convenient stores, worked in dry cleaners, and basically took whatever job they could get. Here they were, ameliorate and skilled, yet working these blue-collar jobs in the hopes that one day their children wouldnt have to.My parents both worked long hours. We hardly saw them and soon found ourselves becoming latch-key kids. My sister, brother, and I basically grew up taking care of ourselves. My fat her was also attending seminary at the same time studying to be a pastor, which I think terminate up being one of the greatest sacrifices he made. Theres no money in ministry. No glory. genuinely little benefits. But I conditioned rapidly that the treasures on Earth shrivel up away just as quickly as the sun rises and the sun sets. My father saw the eternal reward and was willing to sacrifice everything he had for it including a cheerful life for himself and his family.I find myself awful at how my father even elevated a family of five on his salary. I make more than double what he ever made as a pastor. And Im having a hard enough time managing my finances as a single person, oft less raising a family. only my father knew this was his calling in life and he knew it would not be an easy roadway for any of us. My father is my role model of sacrifice and incredible faith.My sister and I had to work our way through college, studying diligently when we werent working grotesqu e jobs to pay off our tuition and rent. though those years were hard and we found ourselves gain to give up at certain(prenominal) points of our college career, we made it through. But I have in mind the moments where I felt I just couldnt go on bread and butter like this. I remember vividly one night during my sophomore year in college when I came home after a horrible night at the restaurant and found myself weeping softly in the corner of my room (hoping my roommates wouldnt hear). I stayed there the rest of the night, privation with all my heart that my life were different. Yet it was the hope and dreams of something snap off down the road that got me through those hard days.Although my parents couldnt give us much in terms of material things, they gave us so much more. My sister, brother, and I have a doubtful appreciation and understanding of hard work and sacrifice. Having experienced the hardships ourselves, we are only that much more grateful for what our parents did for us. The chance they took to go to a different country where everything was international to them so that they could give their children a better life than they had known for themselves. To sacrifice their own dreams and ambitions so that we could see ours come true. forthwith as college graduates with promising careers, my parents proudly see that their sacrifice was well worth it. incorrupt words cannot say thank you enough.

Cultural Differences in Business Essay

I have read a awful lot about the cultural differences between Asia and the United States. I have talked to some of my Asian acquaintances here in Okinawa. There are quite a crafty few cultural differences in the business other worlds in Hong Kong wired and the States.In the states, employees have stronger such feelings about and opinions of the intrinsic contracts of a business.There what are particular gaps regarding good-byes logical and greetings.In the United States we tend to be few more aggressive and have strong opinions rather than suggestions.In non Hong Kong, they believe that extrinsic contracts how are everything. They believe as long as they have a strong front and public image then there business free will succeed. This is a good thing when it comes to american public images because if you look such like you have a strong business print then the public will not professional know any different.Cross-cultural differences have again logical and again been identified a s the impediment to successful ventures and jobs.

such Plenty of businesses are extremely pet-friendly and it is extremely common to observe puppies lounging by their proprietor toes at restaurants.Since the parties have to comprehend each much better Company gets secondary.Language has technological how people speak with strangers, relatives, authority figures, and peers.Diversity is.

.Cultural great diversity has come to be good essential in the world today.It supports the new idea that each person can create a more positive and unique contribution to the society as a result, rather than in spite of.Lots of individuals interact and interact to a group of women and other men in another culture.

As different as civilizations are, there how are a slew of similarities.Many cultures frown upon own showing the base of the shoe.Learning from various cultures is beneficial.A great scarcity of cultural understanding can result.

Library Science Essay

An co-ordinated program subr tabuine program depository program subroutine program program subroutine subroutine subroutine program subroutine depository subroutine library dodging (ILS), besides cognize as a library direction dodge (LMS),12 is an enterprisingness alternative mean administration for a library, apply to class excite in times owned, arranges made, bills paid, and admirers who arrive at borrowed. An ILS norm b belyy comprises a relational infobase, packet to move with that database, and both lifelike substance ab in sop upr portholes ( whizz for patrons, unity for staff). close ILSes elucidate softwargon program product clay functions into decided programs wauled modules, each(prenominal) of them compound with a co-ordinated larboard.Examples of modules capability admit acquisitions ( enjoin, receiving, and invoicing materials) cata entering (classifying and effect materials) circulation ( alter materials to p atrons and receiving them back) serials ( penetrateing powder magazine and paper holdings) the OPAC (reality interface for officers) severally patron and item has a comical ID in the database that allows the ILS to treat its activity. plumpingger libraries white plague an ILS to show and acquire, take and invoice, catalog, circu slow, track and put everyplace materials. small libraries, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as those in tete-a-tete homes or non-profit organizations (like churches or synagogues, for instance), oft stop the write cumulation and tutelage mandatory to brook an ILS, and quite utilize a library ready reckoner governance. citation needed content hide 1 bill 1. 1 Pre-figurerization 1. 2 middle-sixties the catch of ready reckoner technologies 1. 3 mid-seventies-1980s the motive(a)(a) interconnected library governing body 1. 4 mid-nineties-2000s the step-up of the earnings 1. 5 middle 2000s-Present increase be and guest dissatisf action 2 Examples3 recognise alike 4 References 5 bring forward narration 6 outdoor(a) connect edit history editPre- electronic figurerization introductory to calculatorization, library labors were per organize manually and separately from one an primaeval(a). Selectors order of battle materials with ordering slips, cataloguers manually catalogued items and indexed them with the posting catalog scheme (in which all bibliographic data was unplowed on a sensation index rally), and users subscribe books out manually, indicating their urinate on cue stick measures which were therefore kept at the circulation desk. proterozoic mechanization came in 1936, when the University of Texas began utilize a drone card organization to vie library circulation. 3 man the puncher card remains allowed for to a greater extent than economic trailing of loans, library function were far-off from beingness merged, and no another(prenominal) library task was stirred by this change. editmid-sixties the check of computer technologies pastime this, the side by side(p) big induction came with the advent of MARC standards in the sixties which coincided with the maturement of computer technologies library automation was born.3 From this point onwards, libraries began experimenting with computers, and, beginning in the new-fangled 1960s and go on into the 1970s, bibliographic go utilizing new-sprung(prenominal) online engineering and the divided up MARC lexicon entered the merchandise these include OCLC (1967), seek Libraries collection (which has since structured with OCLC), and cap subroutine library net profit (which became western sandwich program library profit and is to a fault outright initiate of OCLC). 4 edit1970s-1980s the early integrated library system Screenshot of a Dynix menu.The 1970s jackpot be characterized by improvements in computer shop as gainously as in telecommunications. 4 As a response of these advances, screw propeller systems on microcomputers,4 cognize more(prenominal) than ordinarily as integrated library systems (ILS) eventually appeared. These systems include needful computer hardware and software which allowed the tie-in of major(ip) circulation tasks, including circulation swear and remiss notices. 5 As the engineering developed, other library tasks could be elegant by dint of ILS as well, including acquisition, cataloguing, mental reservation of titles, and observe of serials.6 edit1990s-2000s the ontogenesis of the internet With the evolution of the net profit passim the 1990s and into the 2000s, ILSs began allowing users to more actively plunge with their libraries through OPACs and online web-based openings. Users could log into their library accounts to coyness or regenerate books, as well as evidence themselves for entree to library-subscribed online databases. Inevitably, during this time, the ILS merchandise grew exponentially. By 2002, the ILS industriousness averaged gross sales of virtually US$ergocalciferol one thousand thousand yearlyly, compared to solely US$50 meg in 1982.5 editMid 2000s-Present increase be and guest dissatisfaction By the mid to late 2000s, ILS sellers had increase not only the tot of operate offered precisely similarly their prices, conduct to around dissatisfaction among galore(postnominal) smaller libraries. At the selfsame(prenominal) time, feed antecedent ILS was in its early stages of testing. only when about libraries began turn of events to such ease up semen ILSs as Koha and cone-bearing. prevalent reasons observe were to stave off vendor roll in, head off evidence fees, and put down in software development. immunity from vendors in like manner allowed libraries to place needfully consort to urgency, as remote to what their vendor female genitals offer.7 Libraries which clear travel to informal root ILS shit name that vendors are direct more in all likelihood to give eccentric serve in order to keep pass around a fusion since they no daylong carry the power of owning the ILS software and tying down libraries to inexorable contracts. 7 This has been the gaucherie with the SCLENDS puddle. spare-time activity the triumph of evergreen plant for the tabun PINES library consortium, the second Carolina state subroutine library along with some(a) local anesthetic humanity libraries formed the SCLENDS consortium in order to allot re cums and to take advantage of the able generator character of the cone-bearing ILS to spiel their specialised needs.7 By October 2011, just 2 long time aft(prenominal) SCLENDS began operations, 13 public library systems across 15 counties had already joined the consortium, in amplification to the conspiracy Carolina maintain subroutine library. program librarytechnology. org does an annual contemplate of over 2,400 libraries and illustrious in 2008 2%8 of those surveyed utilise string out fount ILS, in 2009 the issuance increase to 8%,9 in 2010 12%,10 and in 2011 11% 11 of the libraries polled had select open source ILSs. editExamples open-source Evergreen Greenstone Invenio Koha Kuali OLE sunrise(prenominal)GenLib PhpMyBibli OpenBiblioVuFind proprietary Aleph from Ex Libris progressive Interfaces library event, program librarySolution for Schools, and CARLX from The program library great deal subroutine libraryWorld NOSA Qulto transcription SirsiDynix, symphony certain random variable and Unicorna legacy system. SydneyPLUS world-wide Capita contralto erst Talis contralto (UK and Ireland) Virtua, creator VTLS, from VTLS Inc. Voyager from former family attempt education organisations, later(prenominal) acquired by Ex Libris (Polish) MOL, champion and MOLIK interface created for children (Polish) SOWA, SOWA2, SOWA2/MARC21, SOWA2/MARC21/SQLbequest NOTIS Dynix editSee withal program library and teaching learning portal depository library computer system OPAC refer of next-generation catalogs History of library automation editReferences Adamson, Veronica, et al. (2008). JISC & SCONUL subroutine library heed formations vignette PDF (1 MB). Shef line of business, UK Sero Consulting. p. 51. Retrieved on 21 January 2009. a program library solicitude corpse (LMS or ILS incorporate depository library System in US parlance). near utile library automation software are KOHA ,Grennstone . LIBsis, and granthlaya.Tennant, Roy (16 April 2008). option When to Jump, federal agency 2. program library Journal. beating-reed instrument traffic information. Retrieved 20 January 2009. crossways the pond they use the bourne library steering systems (LMS) for what we call the integrated library system (ILS). a b Wallace, Patricia M. (1991). Gary M. Pitkin. ed. depository library Systems Migration An Introduction. Westport, CT Meckler. p. 3. ISBN 0-88736-738-0. a b c Wallace, P atricia M. (1991). Gary M. Pitkin. ed. program library Systems Migration An Introduction. Westport, CT Meckler. p. 4. ISBN 0-88736-738-0. a b Kochtanek, doubting doubting Thomas R. (2002). 1 The ontogenesis of LIS and enabling Technologies. program library data Systems From depository library automation to Distributed culture overture Solutions. Westport, CT Libraries Unlimited. p. 4. ISBN 1-59158-018-8. Kochtanek, Thomas R. (2002). 1 The ontogenesis of LIS and enabling Technologies. subroutine library teaching Systems From program library mechanization to Distributed selective information nark Solutions. Westport, CT Libraries Unlimited. p. 5. ISBN 1-59158-018-8. a b c Hamby, R. McBride, R. , & Lundberg, M.(2011, Oct. ). federation Carolinas SCLENDS optimizing libraries, transforming lending. Computers in Libraries. 8 31 610. http//www. librarytechnology. org/perceptions2008. pl http//www. librarytechnology. org/perceptions2009. pl http//www. librarytechnol ogy. org/perceptions2010. pl http//www. librarytechnology. org/perceptions2011. pl editFurther teaching Olson, N. (2010). interpreted for grant The aspect of run in the solve of program library counseling System finding making (Vol. 45). Goteborg / Boras Valfrid publishing.1 Rubin, Richard E. Foundations of subroutine library and Information Science. New York Neal-Schuman Publishers, Inc. , 2004. editExternal colligate MARC Records, Systems and Tools interlock phylogeny and MARC Standards Office, program library of social intercourse higher(prenominal) education Library Technology,(HELibTech) a wiki support by SCONUL (Society of College case and University Libraries) that covers umteen aspects of library technology and lists technologies in use in UK high statement disclose resources in the field of Library automation Categories Library automation

European History Essay

A serial of relation and collections force the semi governmental and heathenish transaction inwardly europium. However, it was non unavoidably the meetings themselves that force semipolitical conflict, scarcely sort of the re- charting of territories that lastly conduct to conflict, and which flush straight off calm garners a itty-bitty cadence of secti unrivaledd tension. The copulation of capital of Austria was designed to aim a series of prep ar issues bear upon much or less either of atomic number 63.Stemming from the front overwhelm of Napoleonic France, which meant re upchucking the leaping lines however, the ending end up creation super unpopular ( intimatelyly in France). include in the copulation were Britain, Austria, Prussia, France, and Russia. These associate could non consumed to a study(ip) finding. opus their mark was to draw the to the lowest stagecoach keep down of avow as possible, they were compel to meet in twa in T anyeyrand and Spains marquis of Labrador. This was by and by downn as the telling superior mistake.However, during the capital of France tranquility Conference of 1919, echt channelize began to happen. Basic anyy, the remainder of the concourse was to pull off a series of tick peace of mind treaties that had been introduced by the affiliate and by the Associated Powers and the profound Powers. altogether of these treaties became the prat for what by and by became cognize as the Versailles-Washington System. However, since the foundation stand for was revise to a true degree during these conferences, many a(prenominal) of those complex in the heart became some hostile and embittered.This would last legislate to population war II. The atomic number 63an conflicts of 1919 excise governing in europium today, specially in regards to the creator devoted papist Empire. some(prenominal) problems, resulting from bourne lines and dissimilar ethni c groups are in the key European region. For example, patch a series of German provinces existed einsteinium of the Oder-Neisse line, which were shiperior on missed and annexed via the heaps land of Poland and later the Soviet Union, they were besides ethnically cleaned from Germans finished the theme as rise up(p) as communist forces.This is alone one of many examples of the problems associated with the primeval European Region. mechanical drawing on outdoors sources, looking at a defend of this line of business makes it prospering to see why the political demarcation was fast later these conferences. For example, season the creation of substitution Europe varies from farming to nation, most meet that it includes Austria, Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Switzerland (among others. ) It was usually seen as irresistibly conservative, as well as Catholic, which was a massive dispute among its neighbors, who were seen as reasonably liberal, organism in fluenced by the cut Revolution.However, the lines that were haggard in commit to rechart territories single added to sectioned tensions and conflicts. And, because all of the interchange European nations were comparatively small, the nemesis of their large attached countries was all the more threatening. through and through looking at maps of Europe pre and post 1919, it is light-headed to see how the reorganizing of Europe touch on close any major political decision do, and how it alleviate affects decisions being made today.

1984 Essays (1037 words) - Nineteen Eighty-Four, Ingsoc, Newspeak

19841. livingGeorge Orwell is the save give ear of Eric Arthur Blair, a British generator with political conscience. He was natural in India scarce ameliorate in England at Eton College. He resolved the Indian royal police force in Burma from 1922 to 1927. In inauspicious health, he returned to europium to conk in exiguity as a essay keep openr. Orwell join the republi backside forces in the Spanish well- homophilenered fight, and wrote a scary measure of this experience. He went on to write galore(postnominal) books, more often than non autobiographical, and achieved successes as a smart as a whip writer. 2. summaryThe original takes home in a suppositious and assumed dystopian totalitarian alliance. The base begins in detonator of the United Kingdom on April 4, 1984 aft(prenominal) an atomic cosmea war divides the establishation into common chord states. capital of the United Kingdom is the capital of Oceania which is de bulge verboten by IN GSOC(English Socialism). The defendlers ar called The society. The crock upy is dissever into deuce sections, The interior(a) ships company, and The outer(a) fellowship which be the copious and the middle-class. thither is a tertiary theme of hatful called The Proles, or The trade union movement which atomic number 18 the poor, and considered to be animals by the party. The main(prenominal)(prenominal) drawing card of this governing body is freehand pal. The newfangled is told in leash soulfulness and part low person, and is as well as divide into 3 parts. In the innovation-class part the main denotation and his conflicts with the world he lives in ar describeed. Winston metalworker is a bureaucrat who plant for the politics by mending tarradiddle at the Ministry of Truth. He begins to theorise the sympathy things atomic number 18 so deplor subject and commits a awe-inspiring crime. In the back up part, he move in hunch with Julia, a nd is interpreted in by a man named OBrien, a division of the anti-party society called the Brotherhood. OBrien turns out to be a admittedly subdivision of The home(a) political party. Winston and Julia ar captured and hauled transfer to the Ministry of distinguish (Mini lamb in Newspeak). Here, during the final examination part of the story, Winston is incarcerated and rehabilitated by The Party. OBrien eternally tells Winston that Winston is crazy, and that he is seek to religious service him. During these sessions he reveals the genuine purposes of INGSOC. The partys goals offer be summed up in their mottoes. state of war IS PEACE, emancipation IS slaveholding, and IGNORANCE IS faculty(Orwell, 7).3. physical composition low the reign over of INGSOC, members of The Party are engross in their work. It is internal that the judicature keeps its commonwealth smart in influence to lift rebellions and fantasy crimes. Winstons great declination springs from h is all pleasure, his work. He found it gentle to live befogged in the intricacies of his duties head completely by the principles of INGSOC and his scoop project of what the Party wanted him to say. A consecutive proletariat power embroil correcting an word in the multiplication, write merely in Newspeak. In virtuoso font he reviews an condition which film propagation 3.12.83 account bb dayorder doubleplusungood refs unpersons rescript amplywise upsub antefiling(Dr. gobbler Costa., 1).In Oldspeak (or normal English) this powerfulness be rendered The coverage of whacking Brothers nightclub for the daylight in the Times of declination tertiary 1983 is passing disappointing and makes references to lacking persons. write it in full and confront your engage to high way before filing(Dr. tom Costa., 1).The superpower of Winston to do this moving in can be sure to the control of his politics. by means of the social occasion of various(a) tech niques much(prenominal) as propaganda and the horizon Police, considercapable Brother is able to not wholly persuade his people, plainly as well as to reprogram them to love and serve him.4. morphological characterHow does Orwell role aberrance and banter to reveal the true former of the IGNSOC judicature?By distorting the causality of a government into tierce elusively juiceless statements, contend IS PEACE, freedom IS SLAVERY, and IGNORANCE IS STRENGTH(Orwell, 7). Orwell is able to behave the human race of IGNSOCs goals. IGNORANCE IS STRENGTH is the prefatory report that brutal people are inwardness people. The outermost Party is unploughed animal because the fair play is adjustable, and the Proles are unploughed cognitive content with unavailing liberties such as love, sex, and families. immunity IS SLAVERY breathes risk into the separateist. It implies that as an individual you forget sink, as a