1982 Essays - Nineteen Eighty-Four, Mass Surveillance,

1982 Outline Thesis Statement- This paper will examine how George Orwell wrote 1984 as a political statement against totalitarianism. I Introduction II Summary of 1984 III Roles of major Charters A. Big Brother B. Winston C. O'Brien D. Julia E. Shop owner IV Propaganda A. Ministry of Truth B. Ministry of Love V Orwell's thoughts on Totalitarianism A. From life experiences B. From a writers point of view VI Conclusion Introduction "Orwell observed that every line of serious work that I have written since 1936 has been written directly or indirectly, against totalitarianism and for democratic socialism, as I understand it" ("George Orwell"). George Orwell has been a major contributor to anticommunist literature around the World War II period. Orwell lived in England during World War II, a time when the totalitarianism state, Nazi Germany, was at war with England and destroyed the city of London. " I know that building' sai d Winston finally. Its a ruin now. It's in the middle of the street outside the Palace of Justice.' That's right. Outside the Law Courts. It was bombed in-oh many years ago'" (Orwell 83). This reflects Orwell's own life experiences as a citizen in war torn England and how he uses this in 1984. George Orwell is famous for two major novels which attack totalitarianism. The first is Animal Farm a satire describing the leaders of the Soviet Union as animals on an animal farm. The second novel is 1984 a story of dictators who are in complete control of a large part of the world after the Allies lost in World War II . The government in this novel gives no freedoms to its citizens. They live in fear because they are afraid of having bad thoughts about the government of Oceania, a crime punishable by death. This is the gem in Orwell's collection of novels against totalitarianism. This paper will show how George Orwell wrote 1984 as a political statement against totalitarianism. 1984 is about life in a world where no personal freedoms exist. Winston the main character, is a man of 39 who is not extraordinary in either intelligence or character, but is disgusted with the world he lives in. He works in the Ministry of Truth, a place where history and the truth is rewritten to fit the party's beliefs. Winston is aware of the untruths, because he makes them true. This makes him very upset with the government of Oceania, where Big Brother, a larger than life figure, controls the people. His dissatisfaction increases to a point where he rebels against the government in small ways. Winston's first act of rebellion is buying and writing in a diary. This act is known as a thought crime and is punishable by death. A thought crime is any bad thought against the government of Oceania. Winston commits many thought crimes and becomes paranoid about being caught, which he knows is inevitable (Greenblast 113). He becomes paranoid because he is followed by a young woman who is actively involved in many community groups. Winston is obsessed with the past, a time before Oceania was under strict dictatorship. He goes into an antique shop and buys a shell covered in glass which is another crime punishable by death. He sees the same woman following him. Many thoughts race through his mind "I wanted to rape you and then murder you afterwards. Two weeks ago I thought seriously of smashing your head in with a cobblestone. If you really want to know, I imagined that you had something to do with the Thought Police" (Orwell 101). The girl who was following him slipped him a note while at work. The note said "I love you"(90). They make plans to meet each other and carry on an illegal love affair. This love affair is another rebellion against the government. It goes on for some time. Winston rents a room where he and Julia can be secluded from the outside world. They meet a man named O'Brien who indicates that he is another revolutionary. Winston and Julia go to his house to meet with him. O'Brien gives than a seditious book to read. Soon after that, they are caught by the Thought

Visit, To Visit, Visitor - Confusing French Pairs

Visit, To Visit, Visitor - Confusing French Pairs There are a number of French equivalents for the English verb  to visit  and nouns  visit  and  visitor. I.  To Visit Aller voir  is the most general French term - it literally means to go to see, and is used only when visiting people. A somewhat more formal verb used to indicate that you are visiting people is  rendre visite . Je vais voir Monique. Im going to see Monique. Elle va voir ses parents. Shes going to see her parents. Je rends visite Anne. Im visiting Anne. Nous rendons visite Luc. Were visiting Luc. Aller   is used when you are visiting a town, museum, or other attraction. A more formal verb for this is  visiter. Je suis all Versailles. I went to Versailles. Nous allons en Belgique. Were going to Belgium. Jai visit le Muse dOrsay. I visited the Orsay Museum. Il visite actuellement Cannes. Hes currently visiting Cannes. A formal visit, such as an inspection, is expressed with  inspecter  or  faire une visite dinspection. II.  Visit The word  visit  can be translated by une  visite  (a tour) or un  sà ©jour  (a stay with someone).   La visite du muse dure 15 minutes. The museum visit lasts 15 minutes. Son sjour chez nous durera 3 jours. His visit with us will last 3 days. III.  Visitor Une  visite  is the general term for a  visitor  who is visiting a person, while  un(e) invità ©(e)  refers to a guest at a home or party.  Un(e) client(e)  is at a hotel and un  visiteur  visits a museum or exhibition. Je nai pas beaucoup de visites. I dont get many visitors. Il y aura 100 invits la fte. There will be 100 guests at the party. Les clients cet htel sont riches ! This hotels visitors are rich! Le muse reoit 200 visiteurs par jour. The museum gets 200 visitors a day. IV. Summary Visiting a... Person  Place To visit  aller voir     aller rendre visite            Ã‚  visiter Visit   un sà ©jour       une visite Visitor  un invità ©      un clientune visite                     un visiteur

New York Experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

New York Experience - Essay Example Starting with the sounds and smells that are a hallmark of summer vacations, the author moves on to the activities and experiences that can be expected to be a part of the summer vacation experiences in a big city. The friendliness and the bonhomie during vacation time are brought out well by the author. It is in its simplicity and the totality of the picture it presents that lie its strengths. These are very plausible experiences that children go through during summer vacations and it is these simple things that linger in the minds, even with the passage of time. It is easy for the reader to become a part of the article, as it contains experiences that are similar to what a reader would have had during the summer vacations as a child. One criticism that could be targeted at the article is the position of the third paragraph, which provides the details of the delights of hot dogs and ice creams consumed during vacation time. At the start of the article the author opens the door to the summer vacation experiences through the sounds and smells of foods that bring joy in summer, but then in the second paragraph digresses to frolic with icy cool water in summer. In the third paragraph, the author returns to food joys of summer. By interchanging the positions of the second and third paragraphs, the criticism of digressing in the article can be removed. The article is simple and there is clarity in what the author wishes to express. There are some places, where better use of English would have helped in making for easier understanding.

Leadership Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Leadership - Case Study Example Historical leadership possesses some important attributes that are useful in the development of desirable modern leadership. According to the author, past leaders such as biblical leaders provide important insights in modern leadership despite differences in modern leadership such as accumulation of wealth in the long run. Therefore, leadership requires incorporation of charisma to build strong relationships suitable for devotion to organizations’ mission. Leadership should also transform organizations to adapt to the changing world while maintaining ethics. Additionally, leadership entails personal responsibility and commitment both during organizational successes and failures. Leadership also ought to pursue new strategies essential to organizational success. Furthermore, leadership is about service rather than self-advancement hence keenness in honoring all duties. Moreover, leadership should be within the confines of universal principles of leadership. Incorporation of suc h attributes is bound to improve leadership quality significantly. The success of modern organizations requires effective leadership able to incorporate and maintain trust hence commitment. Additionally, modern leadership requires attainment of set goals through moral and ethical strategies. As such, the perspectives stipulated in this article are essential in modern leadership cutting across all organizations either business oriented or

Creditor's position in the case of company's insolvency Coursework

Creditor's position in the case of company's insolvency - Coursework Example mpany had already started showing signs of insolvency prior to availing of the said loans. Section 213 of Insolvency Act 1986 and section 993 of Companies Act 2006 (CA) refer to fraudulent trading. Section 214 of Insolvency Act 1986 refers to wrongful trading. These are the provisions which can be invoked against the company, its directors and others concerned for relief to the creditors.2 Besides, other provisions of Insolvency act are to be followed for realisation and pro-rata payments to all the classes of creditors of the company. Section 993 of the CA stipulates that it is an offence to continue to carry on business of a company intentionally to defraud creditors of the company or any other person or for any fraudulent purpose. Every person who is a party to above said acts is deemed to have committed an offence.3 Section 213 of Insolvency Act stipulates that if fraudulent trading is found to have been committed as above during the course of the winding up of a company, those w ho were knowingly parties to the above said offence shall be liable to contributions to the company’s assets as may be ordered by the court on the application of the liquidator.4 Section 214 of Insolvency Act stipulates that it is a wrongful trading committed by a director of a company and therefore a court can make a declaration that he is liable to make contribution to the assets of the company, if he has failed to make proper conclusions and take steps necessary for discontinuing the business knowing full well that the company’s going into insolvent liquidation was unavoidable. It is subject to the condition that company has gone into liquidation and that the person was a director of the company at that time. However, section 214 (3) stipulates that the court shall not pass any such declaration if the director has taken all possible steps to minimise potential loss to the creditors of the company. The director also includes a shadow director. This section is without prejudice to section 213 above.5 Fixed charge and Floating charge It is a means of creating security over specified or unspecified asset or property. Fixed charge is one which is fastened on an ascertained and defined property or a property capable of being ascertained and defined. In this case, the chargor is not free to deal with the property without the consent of the chargee. A floating charge is one which fastens on assets which the chargor can freely deal with, without the consent of the chargee. Thus fixed charge is generally on fixed asset, long-term asset or immovable property whereas floating charge is on movable property such as stock in trade. However, to decide whether one is a floating charge or fixed charge, it depends on the instrument of charge which spells out the intention of the parties regarding their mutual rights and obligations over the assets charged. Therefore mere labelling as fixed or floating will not prevent a court from treating a charge otherwise.6 D irectors’ duty towards creditors Director’s duty is to act in good faith so as to promote success of the

Closure of a large amount of mental hospitals

Closure of a large amount of mental hospitals There are many reasons as to why such a large amount of mental hospitals closed down, but to explore the reasons why they closed, we must look at the rise of the large institutions between the 19th century and the 1980s to understand its demise, why so many were built and why, for a small time period, they were successful. The mental hospital is defined as a hospital for the care and treatment of patients affected with acute or chronic mental illness. Between the 19th century and the 1980s, the mental hospital has been defined as the carer for mental illness. But after this golden age of care for mental illness, it has become a victim of decareration ever since leading to a decrease in mental hospitals and its admissions, but why? The discharge of a patient was once known as a good thing as it symbolised the success of that hospital through moral treatment (later replaced by psychiatric treatment) but even before this there was a much harsher system with the use of chains and straightjackets being the norm. As in the case of King George III who himself suffered from mental illness; patients were not seen as human beings, he was encaged, starved and beaten. The philosophy that therefore developed was the goal of a cure, to treat the patient in a therapeutic environment, To remove the patient from the midst of those circumstances under which insanity has been produced must be the first aim of treatmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦An entire change in the surroundings will sometimes of itself lead to recovery (Bean and Mounser 1993, 4 quoting Busfield, 1986) The mental hospital really began in Victorian times; hospitals were intentionally structured to be different from ordinary hospitals in terms of therapy, structure and location. (Rogers and Pilgrim 2010, 190). As where the general hospitals in the vicinity of a highly populated area, a mental hospital would have been deliberately built in a place that is not so populated. The mental hospital (or asylum as it was once known) is seen as a conventional and humane way with dealing with the mentally ill; one of the first legal acts to recognise this was the Lunacy Act of 1845 which made local counties build asylums and gave the authority to detain lunatics, idiots and persons of unsound mind. (Rogers and Pilgrim 2010, 190). It was enforced and regulated by the Lunacy Commission. At the time the only place for the mentally ill to go to were workhouses and private madhouses. As mentioned before this moral treatment was in reaction of the harsh treatment normally given. One of the first inst itutions to use moral treatment was the York Retreat, The York Retreat was opened in 1796 by the English Quaker community as a reaction against the harsh treatment used by other asylums. The belief at the time was that the mad were wild beasts. The retreat was opened from The consciousness felt by a small group of citizens of an overwhelming social evil in their midst (Rogers and Pilgrim 2010,198 quoting Jones 1960:40), although state-run asylums did not pick up this form of treatment for a while. Andrew Scull, an American sociologist argued that the mass amount of people detained in asylums was a product of urbanization, industrialisation and professional forces during the first half of the 19th century and that detainment in asylums was a way to control social deviance.(Rogers and Pilgrim 2010,190) The increase in wage labour meant that services were not good enough to deal with this new form of social deviance meaning that the mentally ill could not be looked after by the family or local community, and around this time the stigma of how mental illness was a loss of humanity changed to the loss of self -control among the public. Meanwhile the French sociologist Michel Foucault sees that this new found market economy promotes rationality, surveillance and discipline'(Rogers and Pilgrim 2010,190) But with this change of direction in the treatment of the mentally ill, many institutions began to fill up with patients rapidly overfilling local magistrates estimates, which lead to several extensions to a mental hospital. An example of this is the Conley Hatch mental hospital in London which opened in 1851 and shut down in 1993 and at its peak it held 3,500 patients. Many institutions promoted that they had the cure for mental illness, which led to a great surge in patients. In 1998, Gittens produced research into a mental hospital in Essex and followed the lives of staff and patients in the hospital and found many contradictions about mental hospitals. He found In relation to women patients it is clear for example that the hospital, based as it was on men-only and women-only wards constituted a women-only space and true asylum in a social context in which there was little such space in external community life (Rogers and Pilgrim 2010, 191) He also found that there needs to be a restriction against outside forces such as social, economic and political conditions as they affect peoples abilities to deal with such material. As mentioned, its primary ideals were to treat patients with moral treatment yet this was forgotten about early on in its life, with the exaggerated numbers which local magistrates didnt expect and such serious illnesses, political bodies were urging to keep costs down. Legal acts such as The Mental Treatment Act 1930 which allowed voluntary admissions to mental hospitals, it was also the act that got rid of the term asylum, and many mental hospitals found that it was not necessary to keep voluntary patients institutionalised. This led to a slight decrease in patients but it wasnt until the 1950s that its fall became apparent. Goffman (Rogers and Pilgrim 2010, 192) found that there were four types of institutions because of this: Nursing homes, where the incapable are cared for Sanatoriums for those who have who have an unwanted threat to the community. Prisons, where the welfare of the inmate is not of paramount importance Monasteries and convents for those who volunteer to be away from the world In 1948 the NHS was created, this led to all mental institutions being free for everyone, psychiatrists wanted this to broaden their field of study. The Mental Health Act of 1959 aimed to provide informal treatment for mentally ill patients with the possibility of detaining a patient against his/her will One of the starting points of the crisis was in 1961, Enoch Powell, the minster of Health at the time, believed that mental hospitals were doomed institutions, so in 1961 he drafted The Hospital Plan where he planned to build thousands more hospitals and abolish certain mental institutes. The discharge of patients had become the policy of the demise of the asylum, subsequently the Community care blue book was published which offered an alternative system to the mental hospital; where mentally ill patients would see a specialist for an appointment just like a regular doctor, the patient could then carry on with their lives and live at home. The patient could live a fairly regular life and would stop the segregation from normal society; it would entail the patient receiving treatment in a non-asylum setting such as in a district general hospital psychiatric unit. However it is argued that it is society that made the patient mentally ill in the first place, within the institutions there is a guaranteed market for experts services where specialists could hone their skills, yet the asylum grew out of a need to establish a social order. The asylum had many problems as Goffman points out, he believes in the mortification of self when being admitted to a mental hospital, with self being defined as being constructed by the pattern of social control which exists in an institution.(Rogers and Pilgrim 2010,192) The persons past identity is completely stripped, their movement is restricted, hospital issue clothes are given and any personal belongings are taken away, they are then obliged to disown their former selves through confessions with the staff, there is no such thing as privacy and freedom of choice is extremely limited with all activities on a schedule. Wings (1962) research shows that feelings of withdrawal and apathy in patients was caused by their length of stay in a ward and the lack of a stimulating environment, good medical leadership is not enough to reduce these feelings in patients, as he says it is unlikely that the functions of am energetic reformer can be built in to the social structure of an institution. As John Connolly points out once confined, the very confinement is admitted as the strongest of all proofs that man must be mad. by 1990 the average asylum held 961 compared to in 1930 which held 1221. Once the asylum had reached its peak size, it realised that the patient was losing their individuality through being guided by the institutions rules; this resulted in a problematized re-entry into society. Originally the asylums were urged to be built by humanitarians, today the opposite is true, community care is now seen to be therapeutic and humanitarian, their return to the community legitimised community care as it deflected attention away from the demise of state responsibility for the seriously mentally ill and the current crisis of abandonment. (Bean and Mounser 1993, 8) During the time where many large institutions were on the brink of collapse Martin (1985) conducted research into what they were failing, he found that many of the failures were with the nursing staff whom participated in inhumane, brutal and threatening behaviour and committed mass negligence on their patients. He asked two questions. How do trained carers become to behave contrary to professional standards? And how have hospitals been arranged in such a way that abuse and neglect have not been prevented? To answer he found 6 points: Large institutions were situated outside mass populated areas meaning they were cut off from the community Wards were isolated from each other, and were almost their own little world Un trained and un experienced staff were left to deal will large amounts of unruly patients, The worst wards were the ones rarely visited by a specialist, leaving the junior staff to do the work leading to a lack of leadership There was a lack of staff development through staff training courses etc There was a huge lack of privacy for the patients (Rogers and Pilgrim 2010, 194) These factors led scholars to doubt that the large asylums could be put right and doubted that they could be reformed. They believe that there is a huge corruption of care. Ultimately every single patient will leave a mental institute whether they are ready to return into society or not and the goal is to cease contact with the hospital afterwards, scholars believe that the hospital, now in a community based system, has less of an importance it once had and is only one institution among others. The community based system is where the patient makes their first and last contact with treatment, they will enter the hospital for a short time and continue their treatment in the community as their treatment does not require hospital admission. This process is known as deinstitutionalisation as patients will not be treated by hospital based treatment and instead will be by community based psychiatrists. However this is not new, in the old system the patient may have made his/her first contact with a G.P and then sent to a mental hospital for treatment, although this has not changed there are now community psychiatric teams to send the patient to the hospital an d to treat them inside and outside the hospital, The old system had a sole focus on the hospital, today it no longer directs, controls nor dictates the pace of treatment or care (Rogers and Pilgrim 2010, 196) There is a whole array of reasons discussed as to the demise of mental hospitals, one reason is the pharmalogical revolution which suggests that the advances in medical treatments, such as tranquilizers let patients be discharged in mass numbers, the introduction of chlorpromazine in 1952 made it easier to manage disturbed behaviour, and therefore easier to open wards that had been locked, to engage patients in social activities, and to discharge some of them into the community Rogers and Pilgrim 2010,197 quoting Gelder et al 2001,769) Scull blames economic determinism and decareceation for this massive decline in the use of mental hospitals, he believes that it was state sponsored policy of closing down asylums, with the emergence of the welfare state, segrative control mechanisms became too expensive. Inflation contributed by unpaid patient labour and cost of employees, ex-patients also required care which had considerable costs, community care was the cheaper option. Another reason would be the shift of focus from chronic conditions to acute conditions such as depression and anxiety which has been described as the common cold for mental health specialists, these acute conditions were once treated by mental hospitals but it has shifted to the GP and is easily treated by them meaning that the majority of people with mental heath problems never seek specialist treatment. Additionally, as mentioned before community care played a significant role in the downfall of asylums, many specialists found that a change of sce nery was very beneficial to the patient, even patients with long-term chronic illnesses can return to society and live in community residences with good results making the mental hospital useful for a short period yet quickly and easily disposed of at point of departure; no longer serving any purpose nor use to the ex-patient. However many studies have found that many psychiatric wards are non-therapeutic and that they share the same problems as they did in the Victorian era, mainly because , according to Goffman, they act as a repair garage; a problem is brought in, fixed and then sent out. Only medication is given, total care is not. A study conducted by Braginsky, Braginsky and Ring (1973) found that the minor patients all wanted to go home, while the more serious cases had no interest in leaving and instead maximised their comforts in the hospital as theyd rather stay in the hospital than become a victim of poverty outside . The focus has also shifted to the cause and solution of mental health, epidemiology (the study of patterns of health and illness in public health) and treatment were separated in the era of the mental hospital, today they are much closer, the hospital has disappeared leaving the attention to the inequalities in mental health prevention and positive mental health To conclude, the mental hospital has made leaps and bounds in the field of mental health with its aim to understand mental health scientifically and tried to cure mental illness, even though that was deemed impossible. Its failure was mainly due to costs and the shift of attention to other fields of treatment. Yet two types of institution has been created due to this, community mental health centres and district general hospital units both modern in their treatment. Although there are still many similarities, high risk patients are still held against their will. Overall the care is much more professional, information is available over the internet, telephone or even the television, but more importantly there is a focus on the patients life and freedom, many may argue that the government still no longer offers a complete care system, but its a start.

Changes in Class and the Labor Force within Society :: History Marx Communism Essays

Changes in Class and the Labor Force within Society Introduction: Though the Industrial Revolution changed the course of modern history, the consequences that accompanied it divided society. The radical change in the division of class and labor within society because of industrialization disgusted many who witnessed it, including Karl Marx. Their contempt for the new composition of class and labor led to intellectuals proposing improvements and reversing changes, through their writings to the masses, introduced by the Industrial Revolution. The Communist Manifesto and writings by Karl Marx and Frederick Engels are specific in their views on the class and labor structure in Europe and abroad. Class Structure Marx saw three classes emerge from Capitalist industrial society: labor power, ones who possessed the means of production, and those who owned the land. Their incomes consisting of wages, profit from industry, and rent collected from their land. Industry created by the Bourgeois revitalized society into two separate classes, the bourgeois and the proletariat. Communism offered the opposite, no division of labor or class. Marx believed that by eliminating personal gain from society, the class structure of Capitalism would be broken. Marx proposed the individual would receive from the greater society an equal amount of the shared commodities in comparison to his production of work benefiting the whole. There is an exchange of equal values. Each person receives equal share in the possessions of the whole for equal work. The bourgeois dissolves as personal profit is eliminated. Thus, granting rule over society to the proletariat. Class disappears because everyone is the sam e. Everyone is a worker. Free economic markets separates the means of production and the labor force. The result is the formation of an economically ruling class. The ruling class finds that labor equals only the means of production. Thus, the bourgeois pays the workers only the amount needed to sustain life. The proletariat is reduced to a life whose sole purpose is to find work. They only find work if their labor increases capital. Communism's Answer to Class Structure Communism offered the opposite, no division of labor or class. Marx believed that by eliminating personal gain from society, the class structure of Capitalism would be broken. Marx proposed the individual would receive from the greater society an equal amount of the shared commodities in comparison to his production of work benefiting the whole.

In some countries such as MEDCs population is stabilizing due to low birth rates and low death rates

In some countries such as MEDCs population is stabilizing due to low birth rates and low death rates. However, other countries, mostly in LEDCs, the population isn't stabilizing and instead is increasing. Reasons for this are that people are now living longer due to better health care, while poor education and poor knowledge of birth control means that birth rates are increasing while death rates are decreasing leading to overpopulation. Governments have now begun to recognize the problems caused by population growth and have introduced anti-natalist policies aiming to reduce fertility. Countries suffering from overpopulation are India, Singapore, Nigeria, China and India. Here the governments have implied policies such as later marriages, birth spacing and inheritance laws. Also in India, if a man volunteers for a vasectomy he would receive a free transistor radio. However, perhaps the most famous policy of all is China's ‘one child policy'. China is the third largest country in terms of areas – 9596960 km2. In terms of population it is the biggest nation with 1.2 billion people, who make up 21.5% of the world's total population. The problems China faced were that only 7% of China is land area. While only 50% of this land is farmable and only 13% suitable for arable farming. This situation is then made worse by 94% of the Chinese population living in the badly overpopulated southeast of the country, which consists of 43% of land. While only 6% live in the northwest of the country, which consists of 57% of land. This has led to an imbalance between population and resources. Secondly in 1949, China was made a communist country. At this stage, China sought to maximise its population for military and strategic strength. By 1960 CBR had peaked at 45/1000. The sheer size of the Chinese population put increased demands on services such as food, housing, education and employment. In fact during the 1970s the government feared that further population increases would result in mass starvation by the end of the century. This triggered the government to enforce anti-natalist policies. Options were considered such as: Increase death rate – however not a legitimate government policy. Encourage out migration – too many Chinese for this to be successful. Import more resources – implications for the rest of the world, especially LEDCs. Therefore the only option was to reduce the birth rate, which led to the 1979 ‘one child policy'. This included: Compulsory abortion if a couple already had one child (if a couple managed to escape abortion and have more than one child then there were economic penalties). The introduction of ‘Granny police' – who were older women who went round checking younger women weren't pregnant. Compulsory sterilisation – the government would send in the army to gather men and sterilize them. Later marriages and the use of contraception were also encouraged. The one child policy found greatest success amongst the urban population – where it was more strictly enforced and accepted. Therefore in 1994 the government introduced the ‘new family plan'. This aimed to educate farmers, in rural areas, on the basis that they will naturally come to understand why fewer children means achieving prosperity sooner. The outcomes of the one child policy were that the Birth rate was reduced from 45/1000 to 22/1000. In this respect the policy has therefore been regarded as a success. Couples are wealthier due to economic improvements while they no longer fear the official penalties of increased housing, schooling and medical costs for larger families. However, there have also been a number of problems with the policy. Firstly, there is now an ageing population, which have a number of potential problems in itself. In the early 90s there were about 100 million Chinese people over 60 – which encountered for 9% of the population. By 2030 it is expected to have increased to 25% of the population. This is likely to lead to a limitation in the labour supply. While pensions and retirement benefits are few, and there has never been much state pension for the elderly. Other problems are that most Chinese families want a son. This has led to some female babies being allowed to die after birth through deliberate exposure, neglect or in some areas the feeding of poisonous berries. This leads to a gender imbalance. This could cause problems for China, as it is likely to lead to a considerable amount of unmarried men, causing social instability and a growing demand for prostitution. There is also the tendency for the child to become spoilt. This will be the only child a couple will ever have, therefore all their ambitions and money are channelled into the child's education, well-being and comfort. However, in the course of time such a spoilt child could become the sole support for up to six aged people. In conclusion, without the one child policy china would almost certainly be chaos and an economic mess. Therefore although there are serious problems with the policy, the success of dramatically reducing the population outweighs the potential consequences that China now faces. However, it is not only China who have introduced dramatic anti -natalist policies to reduce the population. Indonesia attempted to even out its differences in population density between its inner and outer islands through a transmigration scheme.

The role of the Catholic Church in the unification of Italy Essay Example

The role of the Catholic Church in the unification of Italy Essay Example The role of the Catholic Church in the unification of Italy Paper The role of the Catholic Church in the unification of Italy Paper The Catholic Church had a positive and a negative role depending on the situation also who is the Pope at the time. Puis VIII abolished Napoleonic legal codes as well as cancelling uniform weights, measures, laws some were seen as unreasonable such as abandoning street lightening, and vaccinations. Nevertheless it is through mutual feelings that people unite whether it is positive or negative. The Italians wanted to get rid of Austrian rule over their state; this was the main reason for unification. The church did play appositive role which was mostly influenced by Pope Puis IX who allowed thousands of political prisoners to be released. The fact that he was liberal was very promising as his views comprehended with those who wanted change and by having an authority figure like the Pope was very beneficial to the cause of unifying Italy. He was in power when the Vienna settlement was issued. Through it the Pope received the Papal States. He then abolished the Napoleonic legal code, therefore it was no longer fair and also downgraded women s it was not based on rank. Another result of it was the increase of power in government he had. His new rules also include only ecclesiastical being allowed in government. This therefore meant any changes that occurred had to be approved by the church first. It also means liberal ideas were never presented so therefore never approved. Having control over government allowed the church to have control over the whole country, this was evident by the laws he abolished. Consequently Italy as progressing backwards as they were getting rid of advances that had been made under Napoleonic rule. Possibly because of the fact that they may have felt threatened by the advances made leaving the Italians feeling more secure and better off which they didnt want for them. Also this way the Italians would have come to clear terms with the church had taken over as well as the Austrians. Since they both supported each other as well as hating the French who imposed a big threat to them because they were a super power and preferred by the rest of Italy, compared to them. The Napoleonic times were mostly hated by the church and the Pope as their power was seriously reduced as there was a new representative government and standardised laws were introduced. It was these times when Italy was grouped as three States that there was a sense of nationalism that had been divided by the Vienna settlement and the Pope. They made sure all the Napoleonic advances were destroyed when Italy became once again totally divided. This therefore had a negative effect on unification. Nevertheless Italians werent prepared to live under such circumstances. Which lead to secret societies being set up like the carbonari promoting unification in Italy. Although the church had a negative effect it was through this that Italians felt that unification was a possible solution, in allowing the negativity of the Pope to promote unity. Since the church had control over Italy more Italians wanted unity rather than being under the control of the church and Austria. Press censorship was introduced by the church and they had power over education in piedmont also courts. In education the subject modern history wasnt taught as they felt it was to dangerous allowing the young generation to gain revolutionary ideas. The law courts were unfair and bias in their verdicts. It was this hatred the church caused that unity was considered. Another negative effect was caused by Pope Gregory XVI who was considered to be anti-reformist. Mainly due to the fact of him requesting help from Austria when the there revolts in the Papal States. This therefore meant his anti reform were also imposed on others greatly as he had so much power over Catholics. This was common for him to have so much power and influence the view of others who believed and supported his view which is why in 1846, Pope VXI came into power many Italians were pleased. The new pope was promoting unity. Firstly hew was liberal and he began realising the need for reform. Which is why thousands of political prisoners were released from prison and hundreds returned from exile. There was also fair representation in government with laymen not just church people. Plans for street lighting and railways were being put in place. An electrical constructive assemble was set up and freedom of the press was reintroduced. All of this promoted unification as Italians felt that the Pope would be a suitable candidate for the leader of the new state. The Pope was said to be a follower of Gioberti, who believed Italy should become a confederation headed by the Pope and as writher such as Gioberti and Balbo had influences this meant their ideas were considered. As the Pope was supporting liberalism he had gone against the Austrians very much as compared to Pope Puis VIII. When Charles Alberts arm declared war on Austria, the pope became reluctant to this idea as he believed that he could not declare war on another catholic country. This resulted in a negative effect toward unity as he was considered to be the leader of it all. It also meant that support was lost for the unification process especially by those who considered religion more important than political freedom. When the Popes chief minister was assonated it resulted in the pope fleeing which allowed a government to be set up in his presences. A constitution was called and Rome was declared a republic, so it was the end of temporal power as the Pope no longer in charge. However it did not last long as the Pope gained outside help from France and Spain who went an army of 20,000. Garibaldi and Mazzini both tried to defend Rome but it was taken over by the French and the power was handed back to the Pope. Cavour felt to achieve unity the Pope had to be eliminated and the idea of him leading a confederation. He did this by suppressing the church as he knew they may increase in their power i. . take over or stop piedmont from taking over as they were against a unified Italy. This lead to 152 monasteries and 1700 benefices removed also the influence of the church was restricted. This allowed piedmonts control to be increased and therefore allowing piedmont to take over as the head of Italian unification. Once piedmont had gained control of Rome and Venetia it meant their constituencies were adapted. This was largely hated by the Pope as he believed it was not the efficient way to run a catholic country. Catholics were forbidden to have any political links with the kingdom and many religions a s it would mean you could go to hell. The pope also became more hostile to the Italians state in 1864 he published syllables of error in which he condemned everything which was modern. By 1870 the pope was still against the new state and also remained in the Vatican. He also published the doctrine of Papal Infallibility in which the freedom of religion was apposed. Consequently the church had a great influence in Italys role of unification, it can be said that their role was mostly negative. Especially from the start when all Napoleonic laws were abolished and the church was mostly pleased with its new found power. This meant that unification was very much not promoted as it would mean a decrease in their power. They had a negative role till the very end when the Pope was ready to lead a unified Italy in 1846 was against the unified State in 1861 and he also excommunicated the rules. Even though they had a negative role this added the hatred allowing Italians to consider other opinions. However this is not as strong as having a possible role for promoting unification. A role that did not occur or was not present as much.

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The Black Panther Party was one that started as a result of the struggle that African Americans faced from day one in America. With a militant hand the Black Panther Party wanted to uplift African Americans and bring about revolutionary socialism and equality for all oppressed minorities. Following in the steps of Malcolm X, the Black Panther Party also sought to bring about positive social services, and to take Malcolm X’s goals for African American’s to new heights. With these theories and the manpower of a unified oppressed group, the uprising of the Black Panther Party was a steady, powerful, and productive organization for advancements in the African American community .Their were various events that lead to the downfall of the party. Some of these events included the militancy of the group in their efforts to achieve equality ,the rallies that incited the minds of their followers, the protest for the use of firearms as well as the use of firearms, and the arres t of the Defense Minister of the Panthers, Henry Newton. The group pushed forward to achieve their goals of equality, against a system that wanted to smother there voices. Though the uprising of the Black Panther Party was short lived, they manage to bring hundreds of thousand of backs and other minorities, as well as some whites together in a struggle for unity across colors. In the eyes of political figures this type of power in the hands of the Black Panther Party was seen as unhealthy for the nation. The FBI quickly developed plans and strategies to break down the party. The use of firearms was both a symbol for African Americans and white police officers. To blacks, the gun was a reminder that they had the right to defend themselves against the aggressive acts of police officers, and that they were on equal footing with the police because their bodies were not bullet proof. The possession of the guns gave African American’s a since of presence. The police h... Free Essays on Black Panther Party Free Essays on Black Panther Party The Black Panther Party was one that started as a result of the struggle that African Americans faced from day one in America. With a militant hand the Black Panther Party wanted to uplift African Americans and bring about revolutionary socialism and equality for all oppressed minorities. Following in the steps of Malcolm X, the Black Panther Party also sought to bring about positive social services, and to take Malcolm X’s goals for African American’s to new heights. With these theories and the manpower of a unified oppressed group, the uprising of the Black Panther Party was a steady, powerful, and productive organization for advancements in the African American community .Their were various events that lead to the downfall of the party. Some of these events included the militancy of the group in their efforts to achieve equality ,the rallies that incited the minds of their followers, the protest for the use of firearms as well as the use of firearms, and the arres t of the Defense Minister of the Panthers, Henry Newton. The group pushed forward to achieve their goals of equality, against a system that wanted to smother there voices. Though the uprising of the Black Panther Party was short lived, they manage to bring hundreds of thousand of backs and other minorities, as well as some whites together in a struggle for unity across colors. In the eyes of political figures this type of power in the hands of the Black Panther Party was seen as unhealthy for the nation. The FBI quickly developed plans and strategies to break down the party. The use of firearms was both a symbol for African Americans and white police officers. To blacks, the gun was a reminder that they had the right to defend themselves against the aggressive acts of police officers, and that they were on equal footing with the police because their bodies were not bullet proof. The possession of the guns gave African American’s a since of presence. The police h...

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